Industrial
relations: Industrial relations are a
multidisciplinary field that studies the employment relationship. Industrial relations
are increasingly being called employment relations or employee relations
because of the importance of non-industrial employment relationships: this move
is sometimes seen as further broadening of the human resource management trend.
Indeed, some authors now define human resource management as synonymous with
employee relations. Other authors see employee relations as dealing only with
non-unionized workers,
Where as labour relations are seen
as dealing with unionized workers. Industrial relations studies examine various
employment situations, not just ones with a unionized workforce. However,
according to Bnice E. Kaufman "To a large degree. Most scholars regard
trade unionism. Collective bargaining and labor-management relations, and the
national labor policy and labor law within which they are embedded, as the core
subjects of the field."
Initiated in the United States at
end of the 19th century, it took off as a field in conjunction with the New
Deal. However, it is generally a separate field of study only in English-speaking
countries, having no direct equivalent in continental Europe. In recent times,
industrial relations has been in decline as a field, in correlation with the
decline in importance 'of trade unions, and also with the increasing preference
of business schools for the human resource management paradigm.
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