মুদ্রাস্ফীতি ও প্রকারভেদ

gy`ªvùxwZ t  gy`ªvùxwZi me©RbMÖvn¨ m½v cÖ`vb Kiv AZ¨š— KwVb| KviY wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` gy`ªvùxwZi wewfbœ m½v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb †Ze mvaviYfv‡e gy`ªvùxwZ ej‡Z Ggb GKUv cwiw¯’wZ eySvq hLb `ªe¨g~j¨ µgvMZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K A_©vr A‡_©i g~j¨ µgvMZ n«vm †c‡Z _v‡K| A_©bxwZwe` †Kgvivi (Kemmerer ) Gi g‡Z ÒhLb †`‡k †gvU gy`ªvi †hvMvb Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq e„w×cÖvß n‡q cY¨mvgMÖxi `vg e„w× K‡i ZLb gy`ªvùxwZ N‡UÓ| A_©bxwZwe` cj AvBbwRM (Paul Enizig) e‡jb Ò gy`ªvùxwZ nj µq¶gZvi cÖmvig~Lx MwZ hv `vg¯—‡ii e„w× NUvq| Ó Aa¨vcK †MÖMix (Gregory)  e‡jb, Ò µq¶gZvi A¯^vfvweK cwigvY e„wׇKB gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nqÓ| A_©bxwZwe` Kxbm e‡jb ÒhLb `ªe¨mvgMªxi Zzjbvq Kvh©Ki Pvwn`v AwaK n‡q c‡o ZLb †mB Ae¯’v‡K gy`ªvùxwZ e‡jÓ|

Gfv‡e wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` gy`ªvùxwZi wewfbœ m½v cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| ms‡¶‡c ejv hvq, hLb †`‡k cÖPwjZ A‡_©i cwigvY Drcvw`Z †gvU `ªe¨mvgMÖxi Zzjbvq AwaK nq Ges Gi d‡j `ªe¨gyj¨ ev g~j¨¯—i µgvMZ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

gy`ªvùxwZi cÖKvi t gy`ªvùxwZ wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii n‡Z cv‡i| gy`ªvùxwZi Kvib `vg¯—i e„w×i MwZ‡e‡Mi wfwˇZ A_©bxwZwe`MY gy`ªvùxwZ‡K wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i‡Qb Ges G‡`i wfbœ wfbœ bvg w`‡q‡Qb| wb‡P wewfbœ cÖKvi gy`ªvùxwZ ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t

1| KviY wfwËK t

K) Pvwn`v e„w×RwbZ e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ t  Pvwn`v e„w×RwbZ Pv‡ci d‡j mgv‡R †h gy`ªvùxwZi m„wó nq Zv‡K Pvwn`v-cÖ‡Yvw`Z gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq| hLb eZ©gvb Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡Yi †P‡q mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v †ewk n‡q c‡o ZLb Pvwn`v e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ †`Lv hvq| mvaviYZ A‡_©i †hvMvb evo‡j my‡`i nvi n«vm cvq Ges my‡`i nvi n«vm cvIqvi `iƒb wewb‡qA‡Mi cwigvY e„w× cvq Ges AwaK †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb nq| Gi d‡j †Kv‡Ki nv‡Z AwZwi³ Avw_©K Avq mÂvwiZ nq| Avw_©K Avq e„w× †c‡j †fvM¨`ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v e„w× cvq| wKš‘ †h Abycv‡Z †fvM¨`ª‡e¨i Pvwn`v e„w× cvq †mB Abycv‡Z †fvM¨`ª‡e¨i †hvMvb e„w× bv cvIqv‡Z `ªe¨g~j¨ e„w× †c‡q gy`ªvùxwZ NUvq| Gfv‡e wewb‡qvM e„w× ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y mvgv‡R Avq e„w× †c‡j †fvMe¨q e„w× cvq | Gi d‡j mvg‡Ri mvwMÖK Pvwn`vi e„w× N‡U| wKš‘ †mB Abycv‡Z `ªe¨ mvgMÖxi †hvMvb e„w× bv cvIqv‡Z g~j¨¯—‡ii †h e„w× N‡U Zv‡K Pvwn`v-e„w×RwbZ ev Pvwn`v cÖ‡Yvw`Z gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

L) e¨q e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ t Drcv`‡bi Drcv`bmg~‡ni g~j¨,  †hgb kªwg‡Ki gRywi, KuvPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ cÖf„wZi g~j¨ e„w× †c‡j Drcv`b e¨q ¯^fvZtB e„w× cvq| Drcv`b e¨q e„w×i d‡j Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ mvgMÖx‡Ki `vgI e„w× cvq| Gfv‡e Drcv`b e¨q e„w×i d‡j †h gy`ªvùxwZ  †`Lv ‡`q Zv‡K e¨q e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

M) NvUwZ e¨q RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ t  miKvi Av‡qi †P‡q e¨‡qi cwigvY AwaK wba©viY Ki‡j Zv‡K NvUwZ e¨q bxwZ e‡j| NvUwZ e¨‡qi d‡j A_©bxwZ‡Z Avq cÖevn ev‡o, `ªe¨ mvgMÖxI `vg ev‡o| Gi m„ó gy`ªvùxwZ‡K NvUwZ e¨qRwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ  e‡j|

 

N) gy`ªv mieivn e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ  t A_©bxwZ‡Z miKvi gy`ªv mieivn e„w× Ki‡j `ªe¨ mvgMÖx I †mevi `vg ev‡o| Gi d‡j m„ó gy`ªvùxwZ‡K gy`ªv mieivnRwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ  e‡j|

O) FY mieivn e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ  t A_©bxwZ‡Z evwYwR¨K e¨vsK mn Ab¨vb¨ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb FY mieivn e„w× Ki‡j Ges miKv‡ii †K›`ªx e¨vsK mnR FYbxwZ MÖnY Ki‡j evRv‡i gy`ªv mieivn ev‡o, cY¨ mvgMÖxi `vg ev‡o| Giƒc `vg e„wׇK FY mieivn e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ  ejv nq|

P) gRyix e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ  t kªwgK ms‡Ni Pv‡c ev Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y kªwg‡Ki gRyix e„w× †c‡j †h gy`ªvùxwZ   †`Lv †`q Zv‡K gRyix e„w×RwbZ gy`ªvùxwZ  e‡j|

2| MwZ wfwËK t

K) g„`y gy`ªvùxwZ  t G Ae¯’vq `vg¯—i Lye axi MwZ‡Z wcwcwjKvi Pjvi MwZ‡Z e„w× cvq| Gai‡Yi gy`ªvùxwZ e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi NUvq Z_v wewb‡qvM e„wׇZ mnvqK|

L) c`mÂvix gy`ªvùxwZ t G‡¶‡Î `vg¯—i A‡c¶vK…Z AwaKnv‡i nvUvi MwZ‡Z evo‡Z _v‡K|

M) avegvb gy`ªvùxwZ t G‡¶‡Î `vg¯—i Lye `ª“ZMwZ‡Z Z_v †`Šo MwZ‡Z e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|

N) Dj­ùb gy`ªvùxwZ t G cwiw¯’‡Z `vg¯—i A¯^vfvweK `ª“Z MwZ‡Z jvwd‡q jvwd‡q e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|

3| mgq wfwËK t

K) hy×Kvjxb gy`ªvùxwZ t hy×Kvjxb mg‡q wewfbœ e¨q wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ A‡_©i †hvMvb ev‡o-`vg¯—i e„w× cvq | `vg¯—i e„w×i G cÖeYZv‡K hy×Kvjxb gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

L) hy× cieZ©x gy`ªvùxwZ  t hy× cieZ©x Kvjxb mg‡q Dbœqb I cybM©V‡bi Rb¨ A‡_©i †hvMvb e„w× cvq- `vg¯—i e„w× cvq| `vg¯—i e„w×i Gi“c cÖeYZv‡K hy×cieZ©xKvjxb gy`ªvùxwZ  ejv nq|

M) kvwš—Kvjxb gy`ªvùxwZ t †`‡k kvwš— eRvq _vK‡j evwYR¨ P‡µi DשMwZi I Ab¨ †Kvb Kvi‡Y gy`ªv mieivn evo‡j `vg¯—i ev‡o| `vg¯—i e„w×i Giƒc cÖeYZv‡K kvwš—Kvjxb gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

4| GjvKv wfwËK t

K) ¯’vbxq gy`ªvùxwZ t †Kvb wbw`©ó GjvKvq ¯’vbxq wfwˇZ GK ev GKvwaK Kvi‡Y gy`ªvùxwZ †`Lv w`‡j Zv‡K ¯’vbxq gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

L) †`kxq gy`ªvùxwZ

M) Avš—R©vwZK gy`ªvùxwZ t Avš—R©vwZKfv‡e we‡k¦i mKj †`‡k `vg¯—i e„w×i cÖeYZv †`Lv w`‡j Zv‡K Avš—R©vwZK gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

5| cÖZ¨vwkZ gy`ªvùxwZ t A_©bxwZ‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó nv‡i cÖwZeQi `vg¯—i evo‡e ev evo‡Z _vK‡e Gi“c cÖZ¨vkv ev c~e©vbygvb mK‡j g‡a¨ weivR Ki‡j Zv‡K cÖZ¨vwkZ gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

6| AcÖZ¨vwkZ gy`ªvùxwZ t `vg¯—i e„w×i nvi KZ n‡e, Av‡`Š `vg¯—i evo‡e wKbv G m¤ú‡K© c~e© †_‡KB †Kvb aviYv ev cÖZ¨vkv bv _vK‡j Zv‡K AcÖZ¨vwkZ gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

7| gy³ gy`ªvùxwZ t miKv‡ii †Kvbiƒc wbqš¿Y ev e¨e¯’v MÖnY Qvov jvMvgnxbfv‡e `vg¯—i e„w× †c‡Z _vK‡j Zv‡K gy³ gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq|

8| Ae`wgZ gy`ªvùxwZ| `vg&¯—i wbqš¿‡Y ivLvi Rb¨ KiKvi bvbviƒc e¨e¯’v MÖnY Ki‡jI †h gy`ªvùxwZ †`Lv †`q Zv‡K Ae`wgZ gy`ªvùxwZ ejv nq| Ô